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Palliative Care Service Provision
History and Development of Palliative Care
Public Health Context
Ethics
References and Further Reading
 
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Title: International Observatory on End of Life Care
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References and Further Reading from Botswana pages
 
References

1

We are grateful to Jennifer Hunt for her contribution to this country report.

2
 WHO statistics 200-2002.
3
 Report of the United Nations Development Programme, 2004 (HDI for 2002). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current values range from 0.956 ( Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.273 ( Sierra Leone, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development. See: http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indic/indic_8_1_1.html
4

International Narcotics Control Board (2004) Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2004.

5
 ‘The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaces the term defined daily doses previously used by the Board. The S-DDDs are technical units of measurement for the purposes of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices, and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate.’ International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002.
6
 Adapted from African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships draft report: Background information. Updated February 2003.
7
 KITSO is a collaboration of the Botswana Ministry of Health and the Botswana-HAI Partnership for HIV Research and Education, made possible through support from the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships.
8

WHO report: Community Health Approach to Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2004:8. Available to download at:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591498.pdf
9
 See: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/africa/us_botswana.pdf
10
 Personal communication: Dr. Paleske – 27 February 2004.
11
 Personal communication: Sr. Cecilia Tommy – 29 Feb 2004.
12

Personal communication: Josephine Makate – 24 Feb 2004.

13
 Chairperson’s report for general Meeting Dec 2000-Sept 2003.
14
 Personal communication: Christa Kiebelstein – 5Feb 2004.
15
 Personal communication : Katsetse Maruaeng – 27 Feb 2004.
16
 This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years.
17
 See: WHO statistics for Botswana at: http://www.who.int/countries/bwa/en/
18

WHO report: Community Health Approach to Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2004: 21. Available to download at:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591498.pdf

19
 UNAIDS. 2004 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. See: http://www.unaids.org/Unaids/EN/Geographical+area/By+Region/Sub-Saharan+Africa.asp
20
 See http://www.unaids.org/Unaids/EN/Geographical+area/by+country/botswana.asp
21

Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.
http://www3.who.int/whosis/country/compare.cfm?country=s&indicator=strPcTotEOHinIntD2000&language=english
22
 Tandon A, Murray CLJ, Lauer JA, Evans DB. Measuring overall health system performance for 191 Countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO
23

WHO report: Community Health Approach to Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2004: 41. Available to download at:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591498.pdf
24

See: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bc.html
Further Reading

Berkhof F. HIV/AIDS and education in Botswana: the stay alive programme. Perspectives in Education Jun 2003;21(2): 167-174.

Campbell EK, Rakgoasi SD. Condom use among youths in Botswana in the era of HIV and AIDS. Social Development Issues 2002;24(1): 56-67.

Durham D, Klaits F. Funerals and the public space of sentiment in Botswana. Journal of Southern African Studies 2002;28(4): 777-796.

Harding R, Higginson IR (2004) Palliative Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Appraisal. London: Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund. See: www.theworkcontinues.org/pressroon/6_3.publications.htm

Harding R, Stewart K, Marconi K, O'Neill JF, Higginson IJ (2003) Current HIV/AIDS end-of-life care in Sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of models, services, challenges and priorities. BMC Public Health Oct 3:33. See: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/3/33

Hunter S (2003) Black Death: AIDS in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Livingston J. Reconfiguring old age: elderly women and concerns over care in south eastern Botswana. Medical Anthropology Jul-Sep 2003; 22(3): 205-232.

Norr KF, Norr JL, McElmurry BJ, Tlou S, Moeti MR. Impact of peer group education on HIV prevention among women in Botswana. Health Care Women Int 2004 Mar, 25:210-26.

Saugestad S, Suzman J. The inconvenient indigenous. Remote areas development in Botswana, donor assistance and the first people of the Kalahari [review]. Journal of Southern African Studies 2002;28(4): 850-851.

Stjernswärd J, Clark D. Palliative medicine – a global perspective. In: D Doyle, G Hanks, N Cherny, K Calman (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Taylor I. As good as it gets? Botswana's 'democratic development.' Journal of Contemporary African Studies May 2003;21(2): 215-231.
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