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Palliative Care Service Provision
History and Development of Palliative Care
Public Health Context
Ethics
References and Further Reading
 
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Title: International Observatory on End of Life Care
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References and Further Reading from Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) pages
 
References
1
 Report of the United Nations Development Programme 2004 (HDI 2002). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current values range from 0.956 ( Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.273 ( Sierra Leone, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development.
See: http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indic/indic_8_1_1.html
2
 Family Health International, Comprehensive Care and Support Framework
3

Personal communication: Anselme Kananga – 8 April 2005.

4

International Narcotics Control Board (2004) Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2004.

5
 ‘The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaces the term defined daily doses previously used by the Board. The S-DDDs are technical units of measurement for the purposes of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices, and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate.’ International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002.
6
 See: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html
7

This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years.

8

See: WHO statistics for Democratic Republic of the Congo at: http://www.who.int/countries/cod/en/
9
 See: Link
10
 Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.
See: Link
11

Tandon A, Murray CLJ, Lauer JA, Evans DB. Measuring overall health system performance for 191 Countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO.
12
 http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html
13
 Smis S, Oyatambwe W. Complex political emergencies, the international community & the Congo conflict. Review of African Political Economy 2002;29(93-94): 411-430.
Further Reading

Denolf D, Musongela J P, Nzila N, Tahiri M, Colebunders R. The HIV epidemic in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of STD and AIDS 2001;12(12): 832-833.

Harding R, Higginson IR. Palliative Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Appraisal. London: Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, 2004.
See: Link

Harding R, Stewart K, Marconi K, O'Neill JF, Higginson IJ. Current HIV/AIDS end-of-life care in Sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of models, services, challenges and priorities. BMC Public Health Oct 2003; 3 :33 .
See: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/3/33

Hunter S. Black Death: AIDS in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Mulanga C, Bazepeo SE, Mwamba JK, Butel C, Tshimpaka JW, Kashi M, Lepira F, Carael M, Peeters M, Delaporte E. Political and socioeconomic instability: how does it affect HIV? A case study in the Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS 2004;18(5): 832-833.

Sepulveda C, Habiyambere V, Amandua J, Borok M, Kikule E, Mudanga B, Ngoma T, Solomon B. Quality care at the end of life in Africa. British Medical Journal 2003;327(7408): 209.

tjernswärd J, Clark D. Palliative medicine – a global perspective. In: D Doyle, G Hanks, N Cherny, K Calman (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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