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History and Development of Palliative Care
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References and Further Reading from Ethiopia pages
 
References
1
Report of the United Nations Development Programme 2004 (HDI 2002). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current values range from 0.956 ( Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.273 ( Sierra Leone, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development.
See: http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indic/indic_8_1_1.html
2
Family Health International, Comprehensive Care and Support Framework.
3

WHO Progress Report. Community health approach to palliative care for HIV/AIDS and cancer patients in Africa. 2002: 46.
See: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/africanproject/en/

4
WHO Progress Report. Community health approach to palliative care for HIV/AIDS and cancer patients in Africa. 2002: 47.
5
WHO Progress Report. Community health approach to palliative care for HIV/AIDS and cancer patients in Africa. 2002.
See: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/africanproject/en/
6
Global Fund Portfolio of Grants.
7

International Narcotics Control Board (2004) Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2004.

8
‘The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaces the term defined daily doses previously used by the Board. The S-DDDs are technical units of measurement for the purposes of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices, and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate.’ International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002.
9
Africa gets its own hospice and palliative care association! HPCAU 2003;5(2): 4
10
WHO Progress Report. Community health approach to palliative care for HIV/AIDS and cancer patients in Africa.2002.
See: http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/africanproject/en/
11

WHO report: Community Health Approach to Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2004:28. Available to download at:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591498.pdf

12

‘The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund was created through public donation in the immediate aftermath of the death of the Princess in 1997. A global charity, it continues the Princess’s humanitarian work in the UK and overseas. By giving grants to organisations, championing charitable causes and creating new money for the charity sector, the Fund helps the most disadvantaged people change their lives. By the end of 2002, the Fund will have pledged £50 million on good causes.’ Diana Palliative Care Initiative (2002) The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund:21
See: www.theworkcontinues.org

13
See: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/pepfarfact.html
14
See: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.html
15

This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years.

16
See WHO statistics for Ethiopia: http://www.who.int/countries/eth/eth/en/index.html
17
http://www.unaids.org/en/geographical+area/by+country/ethiopia.asp
18
WHO report: Community Health Approach to Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2004:19. Available to download at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591498.pdf
19

Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.
See: Link

20
WHO report: Community Health Approach to Palliative Care for HIV/AIDS Patients. 2004:21. Available to download at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241591498.pdf
21
Tandon, A., Murray, C. L. J., Lauer, J. A, and Evans, D. B., Measuring overall health system performance for 191 Countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO.
22
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.html
23

Kloos H. Primary health care in Ethiopia under three political systems: Community participation in a war-torn society. Social Science and Medicine 1998; 46(4-5): 505-522.

24

Milas S, Latif JA. The political economy of complex emergency and recovery in northern Ethiopia. Disasters 2000;24(4): 363-379.

25

Tadesse M, Young J. TPLF: reform or decline? Review of African Political Economy 2003;30(97): 389-404.

26
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.html
27

WHO Progress Report. Community health approach to palliative care for HIV/AIDS and cancer patients in Africa. 2002:47.

Further Reading

Harding R, Higginson IR. Palliative Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Appraisal. London: Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, 2004.
See: http://www.theworkcontinues.org/causes/pall_library.asp

Harding R, Stewart K, Marconi K, O'Neill JF, Higginson IJ. Current HIV/AIDS end-of-life care in Sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of models, services, challenges and priorities. BMC Public Health Oct 2003; 3 :33 .
See: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/3/33

Hodes R. Visiting Solomon: AIDS in Ethiopia. AIDS, 2002;16(1): 1-3.

Hunter S. Black Death: AIDS in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Okubaghzi G, Singh S. Establishing an HIV/AIDS programme in developing countries: the Ethiopian experience. AIDS 2002;16(12): 1575-1586.

Sepulveda C, Habiyambere V, Amandua J, Borok M, Kikule E, Mudanga B, Ngoma T, Solomon B. Quality care at the end of life in Africa. British Medical Journal 2003;327(7408): 209.

tjernswärd J, Clark D. Palliative medicine – a global perspective. In: D Doyle, G Hanks, N Cherny, K Calman (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.


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