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References and Further Reading from Hungary pages
 
References
1
 EAPC Taskforce on the Development of Palliative Care in Europe (2005) A Map of Palliative Care Specific Resources in Europe. 4th Research Forum of the European Association for Palliative Care, Venice, Italy, 25th-27th May 2006
2
 Health Care Systems in Transition: Hungary (2000) Copenhagen: The European Observatory on Health Care Systems: 1
3

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/hu.html
4

Report of the United Nations Development Programme 2005 (HDI 2003). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current (2003) values range from 0.963 (Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.281 (Niger, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development:
http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indicators.cfm
http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/countries.cfm?c=HUN
5
 Board meeting of the Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 13th March 2007, Budapest, Hungary. http://www.hospice.hu/docu/Hospice_in_Hungary_2006.pdf  (English)
6
 Katalin Hegedus: Hospice in Hungary 2006. Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 2007.  http://www.hospice.hu/docu/Hospice_in_Hungary_2006.pdf  (English)
7
 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
8
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
9
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
10
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
11
 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
12
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
13
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
14
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
15
 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Ruzsa – 25th April 2004
16
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
17
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
18
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
19
 PaCE project interview with Dr Katalin Muszbek: Central European University, Budapest – 25th February 2002
20
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
21
 This is part of an article written by Kate Dobo included in the hospice house promotional literature entitled: To die with dignity – it is the right of us all.
22
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
23
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
24

http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
25
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
26
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
27
 The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaced the term defined daily doses (DDD), which had previously been used by the Board. The defined daily doses for statistical purposes are technical units of measurement for the purpose of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Their definitions are not free of a certain degree of arbitrariness. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate. The defined daily doses for statistical purposes indicated should be considered approximate and subject to modification if more precise information becomes available. The defined daily doses for statistical purposes for ethylmorphine, hydromorphone, ketobemidone, morphine, opium, oxycodone, phenazocine and tilidine were modified in 2003. The modifications followed the recommendations made in 2002 by an expert group that reviewed the defined daily doses for statistical purposes used by the Board for the analysis of the consumption of narcotic drugs, taking into account the developments in the most common dosages, indications and methods of administration of the narcotic drugs listed above. For example, in the case of morphine, the defined daily dose for statistical purposes was changed from 30 mg to 100 mg in order to reflect its increased consumption by oral administration, instead of by parenteral administration. International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2006. Statistics for 2002-2004.
28
 International Narcotics Control Board (2005) Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2006. Statistics for 2002-2004. New York: United Nations, 2005.
29
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
30
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
31
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
32
 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Rusza Budapest –25th April 2004
33
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
34
 Please see: http://www.hospice.hu/english/program.php?almenu=0#szoveg
35
 http://www.hospice.hu/english/program.php
36
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
37
 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Rusza Budapest – 17th October 2003
38

http://www.hospice.hu/english/hospice_in_hu.php?almenu=3#szoveg
39
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
40
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
41
 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
42
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
43
 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Rusza Budapest –25th April 2004
44
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
45
 Board meeting of the Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 13th March 2007, Budapest, Hungary.
46
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
47
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
48
 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
49
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus, Budapest – 26 July 2001
50
 Hegedus, K. 1999. Hospice basic knowledge. Budapest: Semmelweis University of Medicine.
51
 Pilling, J. 1999. Cultural anthropology of death and dying. Budapest: Semmelweis University of Medicine.
52
 Pilling, J. 1999. Psychology of death and mourning. Budapest: Semmelweis University of Medicine.
53
 Ruzsa A 1999. Basic knowledge of palliative care. Budapest: Semmelweis University of Medicine.
54
 PaCE project interview with Dr Katalin Muszbek: Central European University, Budapest, 25th February 2002.
55
 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
56
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
57
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
58
 Katalin Hegedus: Hospice in Hungary 2006. Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 2007. http://www.hospice.hu/docu/Hospice_in_Hungary_2006.pdf  (English)
59
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
60

See: Hegedus K-Bíró Zs (2005): Education model of palliative care in Hungary. IX. Congress of the European Association for Palliative Care, Aachen, 7-10 April 2005. European Journal of Palliative Care, abstract book, 44.

61
 Board meeting of the Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 13th March 2007, Budapest, Hungary.
62
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
63
 Please see http://www.hospice.hu/newsletter/
64
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
65
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
66
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
67
 Katalin Hegedus: Hospice in Hungary 2006. Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 2007. http://www.hospice.hu/docu/Hospice_in_Hungary_2006.pdf  (English)
68
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
69
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
70
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
71
 Polcz, A. 1998. The time of death (in Hungarian). Budapest; Pont Kiado, cited by Hegedus, K. The introduction and development of palliative care in Hungary. Progress in Palliative Care, 1999; 7(5):226-229.
72
 These groups were the National Association of Cancer Patients and a group of health professionals that focussed on psychosocial care.
73
 President and Mrs Goncz, Professor S. Eckhardt (Director, National Institute of Oncology), Professor D. Schuller (Director II, Paediatric Department: Semmelweis University of Medicine), Dr G. Ringwald (anaesthetist), Dr K. Muszbek and Dr A. Polcz
74

Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.

75
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
76
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
77

For more information about the Hungarian Hospice-Palliative Association please see:
http://www.hospice.hu/english/association.php?almenu=1#szoveg
78
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
79
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
80

An English version of the Guidelines can be accessed at:
http://www.hospice.hu/english/hospice_in_hu.php?almenu=3#szoveg
81
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
82
 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
83

The Hungarian version can be accessed at:
http://www.eapcnet.org/download/forReccCoun-Europe/ReccCE-Hungarian.pdf
84

PaCE project interview with Dr Katalin Muszbek: Central European University, Budapest – 25th February 2002.

85
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
86
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
87
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
88
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
89
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
90
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 24th April 2004
91
 http://www.hospice.hu/english/association.php?almenu=0
92
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
93
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
94
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
95
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
96
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
97
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
98
 Board meeting of the Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 13th March 2007, Budapest, Hungary.
99
 Katalin Hegedus: Hospice in Hungary 2006. Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 2007. http://www.hospice.hu/docu/Hospice_in_Hungary_2006.pdf  (English)
100
 Board meeting of the Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 13th March 2007, Budapest, Hungary.
101
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
102
 President and Mrs Goncz, Professor S. Eckhardt (Director, National Institute of Oncology), Professor D. Schuller (Director II, Paediatric Department: Semmelweis University of Medicine), Dr G. Ringwald (anaesthetist), Dr K. Muszbek and Dr A. Polcz
103
 Hegedus, K. 1999. The introduction and development of hospice-palliative care in Hungary. Progress in Palliative Care, vol. 7(5): 226-229.
104
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
105
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
106
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
107
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
108
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
109
 http://www.hospicehaz.hu/eng/
110
 For more information about the mobile hospice team, please see: Hegedus, K. (2006) Psychological and spiritual care of Holocaust survivors. European Journal of Palliative Care, 13 (3) 122-123.
111
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
112
 IOELC interview: Dr Gyorgy Samuel, Budapest - 26 July 2001
113
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
114
 PaCE project interview with Dr Katalin Hegedus: Jewish Charity Hospital, Budapest, 25th February 2002.
115
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
116
 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
117
 http://www.priory.com/ital/psico-oncologia/katalineng.htm
118
 http://www.hospice.hu/english/program.php/www.hospice.hu/newsletter
119
 Hegedus, K. 2000. Legal and Ethical Elements of Hospice-Palliative Services in Hungary; Progress in Palliative Care, Vol. 8 (1) 17-20
120
 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
121
 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
122
 EAPC Palliative Care Euro-Barometer 2005
123 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
124 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Ruzsa Budapest – 17th October 2003
125 IOELC interview: Dr Julia Lohinszki, Budapest – 27 July 2001
126 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
127 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
128 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Ruzsa Budapest – 25th April 2004
129 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
130 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
131 IOELC interview: Dr Agnes Ruzsa Budapest – 17th October 2003
132 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Hegedus – 12th March 2007
133 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
134 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision. Official homepage of the United Nations: http://esa.un.org/unpp. Accessed May 14th 2007.
135 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
136 https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/hu.html
137 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
138

EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005

139 Katalin Hegedus: Hospice in Hungary 2006. Hungarian Hospice Palliative Association, 2007. http://www.hospice.hu/docu/Hospice_in_Hungary_2006.pdf  (English)
140 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
141 Health Care Systems in Transition: Hungary (2000) Copenhagen: The European Observatory on Health Care Systems: 1
142 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
143 http://www.who.int/countries/hun/en/
144 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision. Official homepage of the United Nations: http://esa.un.org/unpp. Accessed May 14th 2007.
145 Clark, D., and Wright, M. 2003. Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Buckingham: Open University Press, Hungary, pp. 59-68.
146 Rodler, I., and Zajikas, G. 2002. Hungarian Cancer Mortality and Food Availability Data in the Last Four Decades of the 20th Century. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 46(2): 49-56. Cited in Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen, p. 173.
147 This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years.
148 http://www.who.int/countries/hun/en/
149 http://www.unaids.org/en/
150

http://www.unaids.org/en/Regions_Countries/Countries/hungary.asp
151 EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005
152 IOELC interview: Dr Katalin Muszbek, Budapest – 12th March 2007
153 Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.
154

Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.
See this link
155 http://www.who.int/countries/hun/en/
156 Tandon, A., Murray, C. L. J, Lauer, J. A, and Evans, D. B. Measuring overall health system performance for 191 Countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO
157

Hungary country profile: United States Agency for International Development,
website: www.usaid.gov/regions/europe_eurasia/countries/hu/index.html
158 http://www.who.int/countries/hun/en/
Further Reading

Clark, D., and Wright, M. (2003) Transitions in End of Life Care.  Hospice and related developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.  Buckingham: Open University Press, 2003, pp.59-68, Hungary.

Globisch, M. 2004. Hungary. In: R. Gronemeyer, M. Fink, M. Globisch, and F. Schumann, Helping People at the End of their Lives: Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Giessen, Germany: University of Giessen.

Hegedus, K. 1994. Hungary. Eur. J. Palliat. Care, 1(4): N1.

Hegedus, K., and Szebik, I. 1996. Modern medicine and death. International Journal of Bioethics, 2(7): 108-9.

Hegedus, K. 1998. Dying patient’s awareness of sickness in Hungary. Bulletin of Medical Ethics, 142, October: 13-19.

Hegedus, K. 1999. The introduction and development of hospice-palliative care in Hungary. Progress in Palliative Care, vol. 7(5): 226-229.

Hegedus, K., and Vallaszky D. 1999. The hospice movement in Hungary. Hospice Bulletin, vol. 7(1): 12

Hegedus, K. 2000. Legal and ethical elements of hospice-palliative services in Hungary. Progress in Palliative Care, vol. 8:17-20

Hegedus K. 2004. Hospice in Hungary. VI Hungarian Hospice-Palliative Congress, Miskolc, 23 April 2004.

Hegedus K 2004: Palliative care policy development in Hungary (2003-2004). Palliative Medicine 2004; 18: 374.    

http://www.eolc-observatory.net/global_analysis/hungary.htm

Hungarian Hospice Foundation. 1994. Hungary. Eur. J. Palliat. Care, 1(2): N1.

Muszbek, K., and Ruzsa, A. 1996. Supportive palliative treatment, psychological care and the hospice movement in Hungary. Support. Care Cancer, vol. 4(1): 7-9.

Muszbek, K. 2000. Hungarian Hospice Association (HHA) Eur. J. Palliat. Care, 7(1): N7-8.

Muszbek, K., and Toldy-Schedel, E.  2002. Hungary: palliative care - a new challenge. J. Pain Symptom Manage., vol. 24(2): 188-90.

Polcz, A. 1998. The time for dying. Budapest: Pont.

Universitat Giessen. Hungary. In: Project on Hospice and Palliative Care in Europe. Available on the Internet: http://www.uni-giessen.de/hospizprojekt/englisch/index.htm

Wright, M., and Clark, D. 2003. The development of terminal care in Budapest, Hungary. Eur. J. Palliat. Care, vol. 9: 247-50.
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