| Palliative Care Service Provision |
| History and Development of Palliative Care |
| Public Health Context |
| Ethics |
| References and Further Reading |
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| Use this function to cross reference with other available countries |
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| References and Further Reading from Israel pages |
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| References |
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World Factbook: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html |
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World Factbook July 2004 est. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html.
In August 2005, the Israeli government withdrew its settlers from the Gaza Strip. |
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Report of the United Nations Development Programme 2004 (HDI 2002). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current values range from 0.956 (Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.273 (Sierra Leone, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development.
See: http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indic/indic_8_1_1.html |
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For history and discussion see Rennert, G. (1990-1991) Considerations in planning a national cancer control programme – the case of Israel, Public Health Review, 18 (2), 117-128 |
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Israel’s National Cancer Control Program (NCCP) policy guidelines follow WHO recommendations see WHO (2002) National Cancer Control Programmes: policies and managerial guidelines, World Health Organisation: Geneva http://www.who.int/cancer/media/en/408.pdf |
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For example of early discussion of developing AIDS policy see: Ben-Ishai, Z. 1996. National AIDS Policy of Israel, In I. Schenker et al. (eds.) AIDS Education, New York: Plenum Press, 81-85 |
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Robinson, E. (2002) The Israel National Cancer Control Program http://www.asco.org/ac/1,1003,_12-002521-00_18-0030470-00_19-0030471-00_20-001,00.asp |
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IOELC interview: Dr Alexander Waller - Tel Hashomer - 7 May 2005 |
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Waller, A. (1997) ‘Hospice and palliative care services in Israel,’ In Dame C. Saunders and R. Kastenbaum, Hospice care on the international scene New York: Springer Publishing, 235-241 |
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Waller, A. (1997) ‘Hospice and palliative care services in Israel’. In Saunders, Dame C. & Kastenbaum, R. Hospice care on the international scene. New York: Springer Publishing, pp.235-241 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Alexander Waller - Tel Hashomer - 7 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Michaela Bercovitch - Tel Hashomer– 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC questionnaire: Ruth Gassner – 8 March 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran – 4 May 2005 |
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Levin, M. (1997) It takes a dream: the story of Hadassah, Jerusalem: The Women’s Zionist Organization of America |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny - Sha’are Zedek– 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Jonathan Rudnick – Sha’are Zedek – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Yoram Singer – Negev Palliative Care Services - 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Professor Pesach Shvartzman, Negev Palliative Care Services - 5 May 2005 |
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Delbar, V. (1999) From the desert: transcultural aspects of cancer nursing care in Israel, Cancer Nursing 22:1, 45-51 |
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Beersheva – hospitals information: Soroka Medical Centre www.soroka.org this is the site of the medical school for Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences. |
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IOELC interview: Dr Yoram Singer - medical director, Negev Palliative Care Services - 5 May 2005 |
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Shibli, J., Oberman, A., Szlaifer, M. (2003) a) Dying, death and bereavement: rituals of Islam b) End of life ethics in Islam Poster presentations EAPC 2003 The Hague |
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Nechustan, G., Oberman, A., Szlaifer, M. (2003) a) A volunteer? Yes, but only a good one b) Is volunteer pre-selection process required? Poster presentations EAPC 2003 The Hague |
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Szleifer, M. (2002) Making a difference: palliative care in Israel Presentation at the 2002 Cancer Nursing conference, Wembley, London, UK |
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IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer – Nazareth - 8 May 2005 |
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Clalit Health Services (Kupat Holim Clalit) was one of the original, and largest, non governmental, not for profit, voluntary health plan insurance schemes. A health plan insurer is also referred to generically as a Health Maintenance Organisation (HMO). Clalit used to be known as the General Sick Fund or ‘Kupat Holim’ (which literally translates as ‘health plan’). |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Dr Ora Rosengarten, Yonat Lamed, Timna Zistling – 3 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Dr Ora Rosengarten, Yonat Lamed, Timna Zistling – 3 May 2005 |
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Brandon, N. (1999) The hospice volunteer Support: Bulletin of the Israel Association of Palliative Care 12: July 1999 (see also IOELC interview: Dr Ora Cibulski, - 13 May 2005) |
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French Hospital, St Louis Mission, information posted Rev R. Adam Forno
www.al-bushra.org/Truth/living.htm 26 June 1997 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny - Sha’are Zedek– 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC questionnaire and email communication: Kassim Baddarni – 21 September 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Professor Michael Silbermann - Haifa – 9 May 2005 |
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The Embassy of Italy (2005) Italy in Israel – Special Issue, June 2 2005 www.ambtelaviv.esteri.it/NR/rdonlyres/29223106-D173-43B1-AB23-CCDCD87A8521/0/italy_in_israel.pdf |
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IOELC interview: Professor Michael Silbermann, Executive Director MECC – Haifa - 10 May 2005 |
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IOELC Field notes: conversation with Reiki healer - 8 May 2005 |
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Information provided by Dr Amitai Oberman – 21 July 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Shlomith Perry, psycho-oncologist, Beilinson Oncology Unit, Rabin Medical Centre, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Netta Bentur – 3 May 2005. See also Bentur, N. & Resnitsky, S. (2004) An Overview of Palliative Care Services in Israel, presentation from Myers-JDC, Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem |
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IOELC interview: Dr Yoram Singer, medical director – Negev Palliative Care Services - 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association – 13 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Shlomith Perry, psycho-oncologist, Beilinson Oncology Unit, Rabin Medical Centre, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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For more details of the history of the Israeli health system see Rosen et al. (2003) |
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Rosen, B., Goldwag, R. in Thomson, S. & Mossialos, E.(eds.) (2003) Health Care Systems in Transition: Israel, Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 5 (1) |
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IOELC interview: Dr Yoram Singer, medical director – Negev Palliative Care Services - 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, medical director - Sha’are Zedek– 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jim Shalom, Dr Eyal Goldberger, Yael Bleich and Yaniv Ben-Shoshan, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Michaela Bercovitch at Tel Hashomer – 1 May 2005; Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Jerusalem Home Hospital – 3 May 2005; Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005; Mali Szleifer, Milton & Lois Shiffman Home Hospice of the Valleys – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Ruth Gassner, Ina & Jack Kay Hospice – 4 May 2005; Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005; Dr Jim Shalom, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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International Narcotics Control Board (2004) Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2004.
International Narcotics Control Board (2005) Report of the International Narcotics Control Board 2004, United Nations:New York http://www.incb.org/incb/en/annual_report_2004.html |
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Selva, C. (1997) International control of opioids for medical use European Journal of Palliative Care 4(6), 194-198 |
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‘The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaces the term defined daily doses previously used by the Board. The S-DDDs are technical units of measurement for the purposes of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices, and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate.’ International Narcotics Control Board (2004) Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2004 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Alexander Waller, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 8 May 2005;
Dr Nathan Cherny, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005;
Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice in the Valleys, Nazareth – 10 May 2005. |
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The Middle East Cancer Consortium (MECC) was established in 1996 with the aim of setting up population-based cancer registries for member countries in order to monitor cancer incidence, mortality and epidemiology, promote preventative health policy and encourage research and educational links (see also Silbermann, M. (2001) Perspectives for cancer epidemiology research in the Middle East Gastrointestinal Oncology, 4(2-3), 181-181).
This country report was commissioned by MECC through the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, following the MECC conference in Larnaca, 2 – 3 February 2004.
The member countries of MECC (in July 2005) are Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian Authority and Turkey. Israel joined MECC at its inception in May 1996. (see Freedman, L.S., Al-Kayed, S., Barchana, M., Boyiadzis, M., El-Najjar, K., Ibrahim, A.S., Salhab, A.R., Young, J.L., Roffers, S., Kahan, E., Qasem, M.B., Harford, J., Silbermann, M. Cancer Registration in the Middle East. Epidemiology 12:1, 131-133.) http://mecc.cancer.gov/registry.html |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005;
Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice in the Valleys, Nazareth – 10 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Professor Pesach Shvartzman, Negev Palliative Care Services - 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005; IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran – 4 May 2005; |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice in the Valleys, Nazareth – 10 May 2005 |
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See for example Azoulay et al. (2000) for discussion of the dilemmas faced by palliative care teams when there is conflict between the team and the patient’s family about opioid prescriptions:
Azoulay, D., Brajtman, S., Yehezkel, M., Shahal-Gassner, R., Cohen, A. (2000) When the family demands the discontinuation of morphine, European Journal of Palliative Care, 7:4, 138-140 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jim Shalom, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association – 13 May 2005 |
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Cibulski, O. (1999) Israel Association of Palliative Care Definitions and Objectives Support: Bulletin of the Israel Association of Palliative Care 12: July 1999 (see also IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer - 8 May 2005) |
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IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 8 May 2005 |
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Email communication Amitai Oberman and Mali Szlaifer, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 10 November 2005 |
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Israel Cancer Association web page www.cancer.org.il/home.asp |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association – 13 May 2005 |
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Israel Cancer Association web page www.cancer.org.il/home.asp |
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IOELC interview: Dr Michaela Bercovitch - Tel Hashomer– 1 May 2005 |
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IAPHC website http://www.hospicecare.com/yp/index.php?cat=9&subcat=105 |
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Dr Nathan Cherny: discussion at the MECC meeting 2-3 February 2004, Larnaca Cyprus. |
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Population figures http://www.citypopulation.de/Israel.html |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 8 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jim Shalom, Dr Eyal Goldberger, Yael Bleich and Yaniv Ben-Shoshan, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Ilene Ora Cibulski, Home Care Hospice of Kiryat Tivon – 13 May 2005 |
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See: Link |
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IOELC interview: Dr Netta Bentur – 3 May 2005. See also Bentur, N. & Resnitsky, S. (2004) An Overview of Palliative Care Services in Israel, presentation from Myers-JDC, Brookdale Institute |
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IOELC interview: Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 10 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, Director Cancer Pain and Palliative Medicine Service, Sha’are Zedek Medical Centre – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association – 13 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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Singer, Y. and Shvartzman, P. (1998) The feasibility and advisability of administering home blood transfusions to the terminally ill patient, Journal of Palliative Care 14: 3, 46-48 |
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The Middle East Cancer Consortium (MECC) was established in 1996 with the aim of setting up population-based cancer registries for member countries in order to monitor cancer incidence, mortality and epidemiology, promote preventative health policy and encourage research and educational links (see also Silbermann, M. (2001) Perspectives for cancer epidemiology research in the Middle East Gastrointestinal Oncology, 4(2-3), 181-181). |
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IOELC interview: Professor Michael Silbermann, Executive Director MECC – Haifa - 10 May 2005 |
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See for example sociological study by Shimson Rubin, S., Malkinson, R., Witztum, E. (2003) Trauma and bereavement: conceptual and clinical issues revolving around relationships, Death Studies 27, 667 – 690
Also for clinical/sociological research studies see Loven, D., Goldberg, E., Hart, Y., Klein, B. (1990) Place of death of cancer patients in Israel: the experience of a ‘home-care programme Palliative Medicine 4, 299 – 304
Yaniv, H. (1995) Sexuality of cancer patients: a palliative approach, European Journal of Palliative Care, 2 (2), 69-72 |
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Cherny, N.I. (2003) The problem of suffering. In D. Doyle, G. Hanks, N. Cherny, K. Calman (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 7-14
Cherny, N.I. (1996) ‘Israel, status of cancer pain and palliative care’ Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 12: 2 pp. 116-117.
Also see extensive references listed on the Research website for the Cancer Pain and Palliative Medicine Unit, Sha’are Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem http://www.szmc.org.il/index.asp?id=104&top=2&page_id=306 |
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Bercovitch, M., Waller, A. (2003) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). In D. Doyle, G. Hanks, N. Cherny, K. Calman (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 405-410 |
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Waller, A. (1999) Enigma of terminal dehydration, American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 16 (2), 442 |
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Bercovitch, M., Adunsky, A. (2004) Patterns of high-dose morphine use in a home-care hospice service: should we be afraid of it? Cancer 101,1473–7 |
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Bercovitch, M., Waller, A., Adunsky, A. (1996) High dose morphine use in the hospice setting: A database survey of patient characteristics and effect on life expectancy, Cancer 86, 871–7 |
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Livneh, J., Garber, Shaevich, E. (1998) Assessment and documentation of pain in oncology patients, International Journal of Palliative Nursing 4 (4), 169-175.
Sapir, R., Catane, R., Strauss-Liviatan, N., Cherny, N.I. (1999) Cancer pain: knowledge and attitudes of physicians in Israel, Journal of pain and symptom management, 17 (4), 266-272 |
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Delbar, V. (1999) From the desert: transcultural aspects of cancer nursing care in Israel, Cancer Nursing, 22 (1), 45-51 |
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See Shibli, J., Oberman, A., Szlaifer, M. (2003) a) Dying, death and bereavement: rituals of Islam b) End of life ethics in Islam Poster presentations EAPC 2003 The Hague |
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Gilbar, I. (1999) Length of cancer patients’ stay at a hospice: does it affect psychological adjustment to the loss of the spouse, Journal of Palliative Care, 14 (4), 16-20 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Michaela Bercovitch, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Alexander Waller, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 8 May 2005
See also Waller, A. (1997) ‘Hospice and palliative care services in Israel’. In Saunders, Dame C. & Kastenbaum, R. Hospice care on the international scene. New York: Springer Publishing, pp.235-241 |
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IOELC interview: Shulamith Werner, physiotherapist Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 8 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Dr Ora Rosengarten, Yonat Lamed, Timna Zistling, Jerusalem Home Hospital – 3 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jim Shalom, Dr Eyal Goldberger, Yael Bleich and Yaniv Ben-Shoshan, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Ilene Ora Cibulski, Home Care Hospice of Kiryat Tivon – 13 May 2005 |
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Waller, A. (1997) ‘Hospice and palliative care services in Israel’. In Saunders, Dame C. & Kastenbaum, R. Hospice care on the international scene. New York: Springer Publishing, pp.235-241 |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association – 13 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association – 13 May 2005 |
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Waller, A. (1997) ‘Hospice and palliative care services in Israel’. In Saunders, Dame C. & Kastenbaum, R. Hospice care on the international scene. New York: Springer Publishing, pp.235-241
IOELC interview: Dr Alexander Waller, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 8 May 2005
IOELC interview: Dr Michaela Bercovitch, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Tamie Goan, hospice home care nurse, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Ilene Ora Cibulski, Home Care Hospice of Kiryat Tivon – 13 May 2005 |
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Malka Yehezhel in IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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Malka Yehezhel in IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jim Shalom, Dr Eyal Goldberger, Yael Bleich and Yaniv Ben-Shoshan, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Rabbi Jonathan Rudnick, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 8 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Dr Ora Rosengarten, Yonat Lamed, Timna Zistling, Jerusalem Home Hospital – 3 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Sarah Rimer, social worker, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv – 1 May 2005 |
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Musgrave, C. (1995) ‘Rituals of death and dying in Israeli Jewish culture’ European Journal of Palliative Care Vol.2 (2) pp.83-86 |
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Malka Yehezhel in IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Ilene Ora Cibulski, Home Care Hospice of Kiryat Tivon – 13 May 2005 |
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Ruth Gassner in IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Professor Pesach Shvartzman, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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Email communication: Dr Amitai Oberman – 18 August 2005 |
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IOELC questionnaire and email communication: Kassim Baddarni – 21 September 2005 |
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Waller, A. (1997) ‘Hospice and palliative care services in Israel’. In Saunders, Dame C. & Kastenbaum, R. Hospice care on the international scene. New York: Springer Publishing, pp.235-241 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Nathan Cherny, Sha’are Zedek, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interviews: Dr Yoram Singer, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Mali Szlaifer, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 8 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 10 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Dr Ora Rosengarten, Yonat Lamed, Timna Zistling, Jerusalem Home Hospital – 3 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jim Shalom, Dr Eyal Goldberger, Yael Bleich and Yaniv Ben-Shoshan, HUG – 9 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Ilene Ora Cibulski, Home Care Hospice of Kiryat Tivon – 13 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Aliza Yaffe, Head Nurse, Israeli Cancer Association - 13 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Amitai Obermann, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 10 May 2005 |
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Bentur, N. & Resnitsky, S. (2004) An Overview of Palliative Care Services in Israel, presentation from Myers-JDC, Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem |
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World Factbook: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html |
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This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years. |
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World Factbook http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html |
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See: WHO statistics for Israel at: http://www.who.int/countries/en/ |
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This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html |
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All figures in this section have been calculated from returns by Israel Ministry of Health Statistics 2002 http://www.health.gov.il/english/ |
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‘In 2003 and during the first quarter of 2004, UNAIDS and WHO worked closely with national governments and research institutions to recalculate current estimates on people living with HIV/AIDS. These calculations are based on the previously published estimates for 1999 and 2001 and recent trends in HIV/AIDS surveillance in various populations.’ http://www.unaids.org |
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UNAIDS Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases - Update 2004: Israel http://www.unaids.org |
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Chemtob, D. and Grossman, Z. (2004) Epidemiology of adult and adolescent HIV infection in Israel: a country of immigration, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 15, 691-696 |
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Schenker, I. (1997) HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and Israel: The Jerusalem AIDS Project, Shalom Magazine 2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Health/HIV.html |
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Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.
See: Link |
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Tandon A, Murray C.L.J, Lauer J.A, Evans D.B. Measuring overall health system performance for 191 Countries, GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO |
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For full details of the health care history and structure in Israel see Rosen, B. (2003), In S.Thomson and E. Mossialos (eds.) Health care systems in transition: Israel, Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Care Systems 5 (1) |
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http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html |
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IOELC interview: Professor Pesach Shvartzman, Negev Palliative Care Services – 5 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 10 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Shlomith Perry, Beilinson Unit, Rabin Medical Centre
– 1 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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Kapp, M.B. (1993) Living and dying in the Jewish way: secular rights and religious duties, Death Studies, 17 (3), 267-276 |
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Sonnenblick, M. (2002) Advanced medical directives, Harefuah 141 (2), 181-188.
Also see Gross, M. (2002) Treating competent patients by force: the limits and lessons of Israel’s Patient’s Rights Act ,Journal of Medical Ethics www.jmedethics.com |
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IOELC interview: Professor Abraham Steinberg, Sha’are Zedek Medical Centre, Jerusalem – 4 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Jeremy Jacobs, Dr Ora Rosengarten, Yonat Lamed, Timna Zistling, Jerusalem Home Hospital – 3 May 2005 |
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Azoulay, D., Brajtman, S., Yehezkel, M., Shahal-Gassner, R., Cohen, A. (2000) When the family demands the discontinuation of morphine, European Journal of Palliative Care, 7:4, 138-140 |
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IOELC interview: Dr Amitai Oberman, Home Hospice of the Valleys, Nazareth - 10 May 2005 |
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IOELC interview: Ruth Gassner, Dr Azoulay Daniel, Malka Yehezkel, Helen Englesberg and Judy Yoran, Hadassah, Mt Scopus – 4 May 2005 |
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http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/en/
Azoulay, D., Brajtman, S., Yehezkel, M., Shahal-Gassner, R., Cohen, A. (2000) When the family demands the discontinuation of morphine, European Journal of Palliative Care, 7:4, 138-140
Anson, J. & Anson, O. (2001) ‘Death rests a while: holy day and Sabbath effects on Jewish mortality in Israel’ Social Science and Medicine Vol. 52 pp. 83-97
Carmel, S., Mutran, E. (1997) Wishes regarding the use of life-sustaining treatments among elderly persons in Israel: an explanatory model, Social Science & Medicine, 45 (11), 1715-1727
Cherny, N.I. (1996) ‘Israel, status of cancer pain and palliative care’ Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 12: 2 pp. 116-117
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