In 2005, it is estimated that there were 105 full-time health professionals working in palliative care in Kazakhstan, including 28 physicians, 68 nurses, two social workers, one psychologist, one physiotherapist and five occupational therapists. There are four state hospices in Kazakhstan, and, according to the state standard there should be one doctor for 20 beds in one shift. Pavlodar hospice has five doctors. Also, each hospice has one chief doctor. Two hospices affiliated with oncological hospitals should be serviced with part time doctors, but their exact number is unknown. Only Pavlodar hospice has psychologists and social workers. The number of Pavlodar hospice volunteers fluctuates from 3 to 10 people. There is no exact data about other hospices. There are no chaplains or other spiritual/faith leaders in the hospice staff, but, if necessary, chaplains of Orthodox, Catholic and Islamic religions are able to attend hospices in Pavlodar, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Almaty and Karaganda. ²¹