Report of the United Nations Development Programme 2005 (HDI 2003). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current (2003) values range from 0.963 (Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.281 (Niger, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development:

http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indicators.cfm

http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/countries.cfm?c=KAZ

EAPC Palliative Care Facts Questionnaire 2005

World Hospice and Palliative Care Online, Issue no. 14, 15^th November 2004

The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaced the term defined daily doses (DDD), which had previously been used by the Board. The defined daily doses for statistical purposes are technical units of measurement for the purpose of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Their definitions are not free of a certain degree of arbitrariness. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate. The defined daily doses for statistical purposes indicated should be considered approximate and subject to modification if more precise information becomes available. The defined daily doses for statistical purposes for ethylmorphine, hydromorphone, ketobemidone, morphine, opium, oxycodone, phenazocine and tilidine were modified in 2003. The modifications followed the recommendations made in 2002 by an expert group that reviewed the defined daily doses for statistical purposes used by the Board for the analysis of the consumption of narcotic drugs, taking into account the developments in the most common dosages, indications and methods of administration of the narcotic drugs listed above. For example, in the case of morphine, the defined daily dose for statistical purposes was changed from 30 mg to 100 mg in order to reflect its increased consumption by oral administration, instead of by parenteral administration. International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2006. Statistics for 2002-2004.

EAPC Palliative Care Facts in Europe Questionnaire, 2005

http://www.unaids.org/en/Regions_Countries/Countries/kazakhstan.asp