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References and Further Reading from Malaysia pages
 
References
1
 WHO world health statistics 2007.  http://www.who.int/countries/mys/en/
2
 Report of the United Nations Development Programme, 2007 (HDI for 2005). Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current values range from 0.968 (Iceland, 1/177 countries) to 0.366 (Sierra Leone, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-70=high development; 71-155=medium development; 156-177=low development. http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ Accessed 11 December 2007.
3
 Wright, M. Wood, D. Lynch, T. and Clark, D. Mapping levels of palliative care development: a global perspective. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (in press). The four categories are 1) Countries with no identified palliative care activity 2) Countries with palliative care capacity building activity but no service 3) Countries with localised palliative care provision 4) Countries where palliative care services have achieved a measure of integration with wider health and social service provision.
4
 http://www.penangnettv.com/charishospice/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
5
 http://www.hospicesdk.com/service.htm#eligible Accessed 20 December 2007.
6
 www.hospismalaysia.org Accessed 20 December 2007.
7
 http://www.kasih-hospice.org/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
8
 http://www.sabah.org.my/pcakks/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
9
 www.penanghospice.org.my Accessed 20 December 2007.
10
 http://www.purelotushospice.com/Index.html Accessed 20 December 2007.
11
 www.penanghospice.org.my Accessed 20 December 2007.
12
 http://www.welcome.to/hospice/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
13
 http://www.sarawak.health.gov.my/RTUHospice.html Accessed 20 December 2007.
14
 http://www.mountmiriam.com/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
15
 Devaraj, T. Challenges for palliative care in Malaysia. 2006.
16
 Oo Loo Chan, IOELC interview, 8 December, 2006.
17
 Yeat Choi Ling, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
18
 Ranjit Mathew Oommen, IOELC interview, 3 December 2006.
19
 Devaraj, T. Challenges for palliative care in Malaysia. 2006.
20

Oo Khaik Cheang, IOELC interview, 8 December, 2006.
21
 Phylis Rani Singam, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
22
 Richard BL Lim: personal communication – 4 March 2008.
23
 TP Devaraj, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
24
 Lim Guat Lim, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
25
 http://www.purelotushospice.com/Index.html Accessed 13 December 2007.
26
 Lyan Shih, IOELC  interview, 8 December 2007.
27
 http://www.kasih-hospice.org/content.php?cat=112&pageid=194 Accessed 13 December 2007.
28
 This is the Buddhist spiritual leader Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche. http://www.lamazopa.com
29
 Lo Ee Chin, IOELC interview, 4 December 2006.
30
 Rosehayati Ahmed Noordin, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
31
 Ranjit Mathew Oommen, IOELC interview, 12 February 2005.
32
 International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2005. Statistics for 2007. New York: United Nations, 2007.
33
 The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaces the term defined daily doses previously used by the Board. The S-DDDs are technical units of measurement for the purposes of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. The S-DDD used by the INCB for morphine is 100 milligrams. International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2007. Statistics for 2005. New York: United Nations, 2007: 161.
34
 International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2003.
35
 Devaraj, T. (2003) Commentary. Palliative care in Malaysia: reflections over a decade. Journal Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 17(3.4): 88.
36
 Beena Devi and Tang Tieng Swee, Pain Control in Rural Sarawak. In: 7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2007: 56.
37
 This flowchart is part of a poster published in the proceedings of the 7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2006.  Beena Devi and Tang Tieng Swee, Pain Control in Rural Sarawak. 7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2006: 56.
38
 Ong Eng Eng, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
39
 Molly Mathew Oommen, IOELC interview, 3 December 2006.
40
 Cheah Hong Chai, IOELC interview, 4 December, 2006.
41
 Ong Poo Ling, IOELC interview, 7 December 2006.
42
 Lo Ee Chin, IOELC interview, 4 December 2006.
43
 Yip Cheng Har, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
44
  http://www.sabah.org.my/mhc/ Accessed 15 December 2007.
45
 Malaysian Hospice Council e-News: 20 June 2007.
46
 Malaysian Hospice Council e-News: 20 June 2007.
47
 Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006 – 2010. http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/SpecialCoverage/RMK9/html/english.htm  Accessed 21 December 2007.
48
 Malaysian Hospice Council e-News: 5 January 2007.
49
 http://www.aphn.org/ Accessed 19 November 2007.
50
  Clark, D. (2003) A Cloak Around the World: A Report of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Associations Seminar, held 30 March – 1 April 2003 in the Hague. London: Help the Hospices.
51
 TP Devaraj.  Hospice at Home Programme, NCSM Penang Branch. A paper given to Malaysia’s first national hospice conference, Penang, 1993.
52
 J Cardosa. Hospice care at home: Asian experience – Malaysia. Undated.
53
 Beena Devi and Tang Tieng Swee, Pain Control in Rural Sarawak.  7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2007: 56.
54
 Tang Tieng Swee. Annual report from Sarawak Hospice Society 2003-2005.  7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2007: 68.
55
 http://www.sabah.org.my/mhc/ Accessed 20 December 2007
56
 Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006 – 2010: 429, 230. http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/SpecialCoverage/RMK9/html/english.htm  Accessed 21 December 2007.
57
 http://www.sabah.org.my/mhc/congress/2006/ Accessed 22 December 2007.
58
 http://www.sabah.org.my/mhc/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
59
 Hospis Malaysia (2004) Berita Hospis,(2): 5.
60
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News December 2004: 5.
61
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News December 2004: 2.
62
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News July 2004: 4
63
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News December 2004: 6
64
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News December 2004: 6
65
 Hospis Malaysia (2004) Berita Hospis,(3): 4.
66
 Hospis Malaysia (2005) Berita Hospis,(2): 4
67
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News December 2005: 5.
68
 Kota Kinabalu Palliative Care Association Newsletter July 2005: 7.
69
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News June 2006: 7.
70
 Hospis Malaysia (2006) Berita Hospis, (1): 5
71
 Kota Kinabalu Palliative Care Association Newsletter December 2005: 7.
72
 Hospis Malaysia (2006) Berita Hospis, (2): 4.
73
 Hospis Malaysia (2006) Berita Hospis, (2): 4.
74
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News January 2007: 8.
75
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News January 2007: 5.
76
 National Cancer Society of Malaysia, Penang Branch (2006) Hospice Bulletin, 9(4): 6.
77
 Malaysia Hospice Council e~News January 2007: 7.
78
 National Cancer Society of Malaysia, Penang Branch (2007) Hospice Bulletin, 10(1): 11.
79
 Boon Chai Peng, IOELC interview, 6 December 2007.
80
 Boon Chai Peng. Proposal in brief: Palliative care tours 2 and 3.  27 March 2003.
81
 http://www.kasih-hospice.org/ Accessed 22 Dec 2007.
82
 Sharon Dabi, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
83
 Internal report: Kasih Hospice Society, 2006.
84
 Shaw, R. Malaysia on the move. HospiceLink, June 2004: 3.
85
 Ednin Hamzah, IOELC interview, 7 December 2007.
86
 Richard BL Lim: personal communication – 4 March 2008.
87
 Goh, C. (2002) Asia Pacific Hospice Palliative Care Network: A network for individuals and organisations. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 24(2):  131.
88
 http://www.sabah.org.my/mhc/ Accessed 15 December 2007.
89
 Presentation by TP Devaraj, 8 December 2006.
90
 This flowchart is part of a poster published in the proceedings of the 7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2007.  Beena Devi and Tang Tieng Swee, Pain Control in Rural Sarawak. In: 7th Malaysian Hospice Congress, 2007: 56.
91
 Lyan Shih, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006
92
 Sylvia McCarthy, IOELC interview, 6 December, 2006.
93
 Sharon Victoria Dabi, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
94
 Ednin Hamzah, IOELC interview, 7 December 2006.
95
 Loi Fui Fen, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
96
 TP Devaraj, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
97
 Glimpses of the past: http://www.hospismalaysia.org/index.php?mid=234
98

Ranjit Mathew Oommen, IOELC interview, 12 February 2005.
99
 Beena Devi: personal communication – 21 March 2008.
100
 Beena Devi: personal communication – 21 March 2008.
101
 Richard BL Lim: personal communication – 4 March 2008.
102
 Speech by YB Datuk Seri Dr Chua Soi Lek, Minister of Health Malaysia, 21 April 2007.
103
 TP Devaraj: personal communication – 4 March 2008.
104
 IOELC interview: Ednin Hamzah – 7 December, 2006.
105
 TP Devaraj, IOELC interview, 8 December, 2006.
106
 J Cardosa. Hospice care at home: Asian experience – Malaysia. Undated.
107
 TP Devaraj. Hospice at Home Programme Penang, 1992-1999. Undated.
108
 TP Devaraj.  Hospice at Home Programme, NCSM Penang Branch. A paper given to Malaysia’s first national hospice conference, Penang, 1993.
109
 Information leaflet: A special kind of caring, Hospice at Home programme, Penang Hospice Home.
110
 http://www.mountmiriam.com/  Accessed 30 January 2008.
111
 A Wee, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
112
 http://www.mountmiriam.com/about_history.htm
113
 Lalitha Kanaphati, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
114
 Ann Phipps, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
115
 http://www.assisihospice.org.sg/ Accessed 20 December 2007.
116
 Joyce Sumitra Romaya, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
117
 http://www.penangnettv.com/charishospice/   Accessed 30 January 2008.
118
 http://www.fgacentre.com/impactministries/charishospice.html Accessed 30 January 2008.
119
 Oo Loo Chan, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
120
 Charis Hospice Newsletter, November 2007: 3. http://www.penangnettv.com/charishospice/images/Nov%2007/3.jpg  Accessed 30 January 2008.
121

Charis Hospice Newsletter, November 2007: 1. Accessed 30 January.

http://www.penangnettv.com/charishospice/images/Nov%2007/1.jpg   Accessed 30 January 2008.  
122
 http://www.purelotushospice.com/Index.html Accessed 13 December 2007.
123
 Lyan Shih, IOELC interview, 8 December 2007.
124
 Lyan Shih, IOELC interview, 8 December 2007.
125
 Lyan Shih, IOELC interview, 8 December 2007.
126
 Lyan Shih, IOELC interview, 8 December 2007.
127
 Khoo, S.B. (2002) Palliative Care: experience with 156 cases in a general hospital. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(4): 408-417.
128
 Khoo, S.B. (2002) Palliative care: experience with 156 cases in a general hospital. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(4): 408-417.
129
 Khoo, S.B. (2002) Palliative care: experience with 156 cases in a general hospital. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(4): 416.
130
 Ong Eng Eng, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
131
 Oommen, R.J. (1994) A statewide campaign for the early detection of cancer in Sabah. Australia New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 64: 22-23.
132
 Oommen, R. (2005) A palliative care programme in Malaysia. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 11(1): 49-52.
133
 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Palliative Care Unit information leaflet.
134
 Ranjit Mathew Oommen, IOELC interview, 3 December 2006.
135
 Morna Chua, IOELC interview, 4 December 2006.
136
 Information on the Perak Palliative Care Society. Ipoh: Perak Palliative Care Society, October 2003.
137
 Judy Chua, IOELC interview, 6 December, 2006.
138
 Su Kamal, IOELC interview, 6 December, 2006.
139
 Judy Chin, IOELOC interview, 6 December, 2006.
140
 Boon Chai Peng. Report on Projects Carried out by Perak Palliative Care Society in 2007. 31 December 2007.
141
 Koh Wai Keat, IOELC interview, 6 December, 2006.
142
 http://www.hipoh.gov.my/webpage/muat_turun/Whatispalliativecare.pdf  Accessed 20 January 2008.
143

TP Devaraj.  Hospice at Home Programme, NCSM Penang Branch. A paper given to Malaysia’s first national hospice conference, Penang, 1993.

http://www.unikl.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=130&Itemid=2  Accessed 6 December 2007.
144
 Koh Wai Keat, IOELC interview, 6 December, 2006.
145
 Rosehayati Ahmed Noordin, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
146
 Toa Ben Haim, IOELC interview, 7 December 2006.
147
 Teoh May May, IOELC interview, 4 December 2006.
148
 Day care patient A, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
149
 Day care patient B, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
150
 Ednin Hamzah: personal communication – 8 February 2008.
151
 Judy Chin, IOELC interview, 6 December 2006.
152
 Ednin Hamzah, IOELC interview, 22 September 2004.
153
 Lee Her Chin, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
154
 Ong Eng Eng, IOELC interview, 8 December, 2006.
155
 TP Devaraj, IOELC interview, 8 December, 2006.
156
 Lyan Shih, IOELC interview, 8 December 2006.
157
 Oo Khaik Cheang, IOELC interview, 8 December, 2006.
158
 Sylvia McCarthy, IOELC interview, 6 December, 2006.
159
 Ranjit Kaur, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
160
 Ranjit Kaur, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
161
 Ednin Hamzah, IOELC interview, 5 December, 2006
162
 Evelyn Ho, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
163
 Evelyn Ho, IOELC Interview, 5 December 2006.
164
 Sylvia McCarthy, IOELC interview, 6 December 2007.
165
 Norchaya Talib, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
166
 Ednin Hamzah, IOELC interview, 5 December 2006.
167
 World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html Accessed 4 December 2007
168
 This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years.
169
 WHO statistics for Malaysia: http://www.who.int/countries/mys/en/ Accessed 4 December 2007.
170
 Faverau, F. et Associés. Healthcare Handbook (1)3 Malaysia 2002-2003. http://www.ffa-co.com/p-malaysia.htm - Accessed 4 December 2008.
171
 http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2007EpiUpdate/default.asp  Accessed 21 November 2007.
172
 United Nations General Assembly, Special Session on HIV/AIDS, Monitoring the Declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDS. Country Report Malaysia. Available from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/2006_country_progress_report_malaysia_en.pdf Accessed 4 January 2008.
173
 Tandon, A. Murray, C.L.J. Lauer, J.A. and Evans, D,B. Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO.http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf   
174
 Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.
http://www.who.int/whosis/country/compare.cfm?country=s&indicator=strPcTotEOHinIntD2000&language=english Accessed 26 November 2007.
175
 http://www.wpro.who.int/countries/04maa/health_situation.htm Accessed 5 January 2008
176
 Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Putrajaya: Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Office; 2006:435. Available at: http://www.epu.jpm.my/rm9/html/english.htm  Accessed 6 January 2008.
177
 Palliative Care Association of Kota Kinabalu Newsletter, December 2006: 3.
178
 Richard BL Limb: personal communication – 4 March 2008.
179
 The World Factbook: Malaysia. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html Accessed 6 January 2008. 
Further Reading

Hopkins, S. (2006) Economic stability and health status: evidence from east Asia before and after the 1990s economic crisis. Health Policy, 75(3):347-57.

Kamarulzaman, A. (2005) Taking stock of two decades of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 60(1): 1-4.

Loh, K.Y. (2006) Exploring terminally ill patients’ and their families’ perceptions of holistic care in Malaysia. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 12(1): 38-41.

Maddocks, I. (1997) Is hospice a western concept? A personal view of palliative care in Asia. In: D. Clark, J. Hockley and S. Ahmedzai (eds) New Themes in Palliative Care. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997.

Maddocks, I. (1998) Barriers to palliative care: Malaysia, Asia and everywhere.   Progress in Palliative Care, 6: 105.

Maddocks, I. (2000) Teaching palliative care in east Asia. Palliative Medicine, 14: 535-537.

Merican, M.I. Rohaizat, Y. and Haniza, S. (2004) Developing the Malaysian health system to meet the challenges of the future. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 59(1): 84-93.

Stjernswärd, J. and Clark, D. (eds) (2003) Palliative medicine – a global perspective. In: D. Doyle, G. Hanks, N. Cherny and K. Calman (eds) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Taye, G.A. (2006) Pain issues from the palliative perspective: a survey among doctors in Hospital Melaka, Medical Journal of Malaysia, 61(4): 405-409.
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