INCB data on opioid consumption in the Russian Federation between 1994 and 1998 are available for codeine, morphine, ethylmorphine and cocaine.7 Over the period 1994-98 codeine consumption rose from 3,398 kg to 5,301 kg. Morphine consumption between1994-98 rose from 344 kg, to 1,377 kg, but with major fluctuations in between. Ethylmorphine consumption figures are available only for 1994 (15) and 1995 (45). The average daily consumption of defined daily doses of opioids per million inhabitants between1994-98 was: codeine (411); ethylmorphine (1); morphine (160). Daily doses of morphine (at 160) are the highest amongst the CIS and compare with the morphine daily dose consumption per million inhabitants in other CIS countries as follows: Kazakhstan (135); Belarus (59); Moldova (39); Azerbaijan (2). However, amongst CEE countries, these figures compare as follows: Poland (486); Czech Republic (388); Estonia (216); and Albania (44). Slow release morphine is generally unavailable and considered too expensive. 8
Average defined daily doses of morphine, Central and Eastern Europe (1994-1998)
Source: Clark D, Wright M (2002) Transitions in End of Life Care: Hospice and Related Developments in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.Buckingham: Open University Press
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