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Palliative Care Service Provision
History and Development of Palliative Care
Public Health Context
Ethics
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Title: International Observatory on End of Life Care
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References and Further Reading from Zambia pages
 
References

1

We are grateful to Jennifer Hunt for her contribution to this country report.
2
 WHO statistics 200-2002.
3

United Nations Development Programme 2004. Launched by the United Nations in 1990, the Human Development Index measures a country's achievements in three aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It was created to re-emphasize that people and their lives should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth. Current values range from 0.956 ( Norway, 1/177 countries) to 0.273 ( Sierra Leone, 177/177 countries). Countries fall into one of three groups: countries1-55=high development; 56-141=medium development; 142-177=low development. See: http://www.undp.org/hdr2004/
4
 Anne Merriman . Report of Visit to Zambia to Asses, Share and Assist with Advice re Palliative Care Provision. 21 Feb – 1 March 2004: 9.
5
 See: http://www.helfen-wir.org/English/Projekte/Zambia/hospice_chilanga.htm
6
 See: www.karacounsellingkabwe.com
7

Anne Merriman . Report of Visit to Zambia to Asses, Share and Assist with Advice re Palliative Care Provision. 21 Feb – 1 March 2004: 24.

8
 See following web link
9

Personal communication: Sr. Stephanie – 31 Jan 05.

10
 See: http://www.firelightfoundation.org/ourstory.htm
11
 See: http://www.aidsalliance.org/eng/
12
 See: http://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/publications/news/june/member_3.htm
13
 See following web link
14
 International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York : United Nations, 2004.
15

‘The term defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) replaces the term defined daily doses previously used by the Board. The S-DDDs are technical units of measurement for the purposes of statistical analysis and are not recommended prescription doses. Certain narcotic drugs may be used in certain countries for different treatments or in accordance with different medical practices, and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate.’ International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: estimated world requirements for 2004. Statistics for 2002. New York: United Nations, 2004: 117. The S-DDD used by the INCB for morphine is 100 milligrams.

16
 Personal communication: Cromwell Shalunga – 13 May 04.
17

Personal communication: Mary Chidgey – 11 May 04.

18
 Personal communication: Sr. Crucis – 14 May 04.
19
 Personal communication: Sr. Stephanie and Sr. Keane – 31 Jan 05.
20
 See: http://www.poweroflove.org/pages/care_centers.htm
21

‘The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund was created through public donation in the immediate aftermath of the death of the Princess in 1997. A global charity, it continues the Princess’s humanitarian work in the UK and overseas. By giving grants to organisations, championing charitable causes and creating new money for the charity sector, the Fund helps the most disadvantaged people change their lives. By the end of 2002, the Fund will have pledged £50 million on good causes.’ Diana Palliative Care Initiative (2002) The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund:21

See: www.theworkcontinues.org
22
 Anne Lloyd Williams. Visit to Zambia in April 2001. Report to the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, 15 May 2001.
23

Faith Mwangi-Powell . Country Summary – Zambia. (Undated).

24

Personal communication: Alison Hill – 10 May 04.

25

Sr Leonia Kournas. Mother of Mercy Hospice: A Brief History (undated).

26

Personal communication: Margaret Chirwa – 13 May 04.

27

This refers to adult mortality risk, which is defined as the probability of dying between 15 and 59 years.

28
 See: WHO statistics for Uganda at: http://www.who.int/countries/uga/en
29
 UNAIDS. 2004 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. See: http://www.unaids.org/Unaids/EN/Geographical+area/By+Region/Sub-Saharan+Africa.asp
30
 See: http://www.unaids.org/en/geographical+area/by+country/zambia.asp
31

Total health expenditure per capita is the per capita amount of the sum of Public Health Expenditure (PHE) and Private Expenditure on Health (PvtHE). The international dollar is a common currency unit that takes into account differences in the relative purchasing power of various currencies. Figures expressed in international dollars are calculated using purchasing power parities (PPP), which are rates of currency conversion constructed to account for differences in price level between countries.

See following web link

32
 Tandon A, Murray CLJ, Lauer JA, Evans DB. Measuring overall health system performance for 191 Countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No 30; WHO
33
 See: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/za.html
Further Reading

Agha S, Chulu Nchima M.  Life-circumstances, working conditions and HIV risk among street and nightclub-based sex workers in Lusaka, Zambia. Culture, Health & Sexuality 2004;6(4):283-299.

Fleischman J, Csete L. Suffering in silence: the links between human rights abuses and HIV transmission to girls in Zambia. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2002.

Gordon D. Rites of rebellion: recent anthropology from Zambia. African Studies 2003;62(1):125-139.

Harding R, Higginson IR (2004) Palliative Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Appraisal. London: Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund. See: www.theworkcontinues.org/pressroon/6_3.publications.htm

Harding R, Stewart K, Marconi K, O'Neill JF, Higginson IJ (2003) Current HIV/AIDS end-of-life care in Sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of models, services, challenges and priorities. BMC Public Health Oct 3:33. See: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/3/33

Hunter S (2003) Black Death: AIDS in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Madise NJ, Banda EM, Benaya KW . Infant mortality in Zambia: socioeconomic and demographic correlates. Soc Biol 2003; 50 :148-66.

Maimbolwa MC, Yamba B, Diwan V, Ransjö-Arvidson A-B. Cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2003;43( 3):263-274.

Mulikita NM . Entrenching good governance in Zambia's public administration: challenges and opportunities Cahiers Africains d'Administration Publique, 2002;(59):1- 12.

Pillai VK, Sunil TS, Gupta R. AIDS Prevention in Zambia: Implications for Social Services. World Development 2003;31(1):149-161.

Saasa O, Carlsson J, Kongwa S. Aid and poverty reduction in Zambia: mission unaccomplished [review]. European Journal of Development Research 2003;15:(2):181-182.

Simpson A. Personhood and self in catholic formation in Zambia. Journal of Religion in Africa 2003;33(4):377-400.

Smith E, Murray S, Yousafzai A, Kasonka L. Barriers to accessing safe motherhood and reproductive health services: the situation of women with disabilities in Lusaka, Zambia. Disability and Rehabilitation 2004;26(2):121-127.

Stoneburner RL, Low-Beer D. Sexual partner reductions explain human immunodeficiency virus declines in Uganda: comparative analyses of HIV and behavioural data in Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia. International Journal of Epidemiology 2004;33(3):624-624.

Stjernswärd J, Clark D. Palliative medicine – a global perspective. In: D Doyle, G Hanks, N Cherny, K Calman (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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